Exploring the Functions and Mechanisms of MYC4 in Plants

MYC4 plays a crucial role in regulating plant growth and development. It's a transcription factor that helps control the expression of genes involved in various cellular processes.

MYC4 is known to interact with other proteins to form complexes that regulate gene expression. These interactions are essential for plant growth and development.

One of the key functions of MYC4 is to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation. This process involves the coordinated expression of genes that control cell growth and division.

MYC4 also plays a role in stress response and adaptation in plants. It helps plants respond to environmental stresses such as drought and high temperatures.

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MYC proteins are a group of transcription factors that play a crucial role in plant growth and development. They are highly conserved among plant species, and the degree of conservation is very high among MYC2, MYC3, and MYC4.

The JAZ interaction domain is a specific region within MYC proteins that allows them to interact with JAZ repressors. This domain is conserved among MYC proteins and is sufficient for the interaction with most JAZ proteins.

The MYC activation domain, which is responsible for activating gene expression, is also conserved among MYC proteins. However, it is not necessary for the interaction with JAZ proteins.

The MYC proteins JAZ interaction domain is a crucial part of the MYC protein's function. It's responsible for interacting with JAZ repressors, which are involved in regulating plant growth and development.

This domain is located in the N terminus of the MYC protein, and it's necessary for the interaction with JAZ proteins. Without it, the MYC protein can't interact with JAZ repressors.

The smallest positive MYC2 fragment tested had three regions, including the MYC activation domain and two additional conserved regions. These conserved regions are also present in MYC3 and MYC4.

The MYC2-D region, which includes one of these conserved domains, is sufficient for the interaction with most JAZ proteins. This region is also conserved among MYC proteins from several plant species.

The degree of conservation is very high among MYC2, MYC3, and MYC4, suggesting that this domain is important for their function.

MYC2, MYC3, and MYC4 transcription factors can form homo- and heterodimers in vivo.

These proteins can interact with each other in various combinations, as seen in coimmunoprecipitation experiments on Nicotiana benthamiana leaves.

MYC2, MYC3, and MYC4 can form homo-dimers, but the strength of the interactions may vary depending on the combination.

MYC4/MYC4 and MYC4/MYC2 signals are particularly weak, suggesting that some interactions may be stronger than others.

At AIB, a closely related MYC TF, does not interact with MYC2, MYC3, or MYC4.

MYC3 DNA binding specificity was determined using protein binding microarrays (PBM11) as described by Godoy et al. (2011).

The consensus binding site obtained for MYC3 is strikingly similar to that of MYC2 (the G-box), including their preferences for 5′- and 3′-end nucleotides.

The E-scores of all possible G-related variants generated by replacing each nucleotide in the canonical G-box by the three remaining bases showed that MYC3 had the highest E-scores for the elements G, T/G, G-like, G/A, and G/C.

MYC3 is a nuclear protein, as confirmed by GFP fusions of both MYC3 and MYC4 proteins.

The DNA binding specificity of MYC3 is very similar to that of MYC2, suggesting that these two proteins likely recognize similar targets in vivo.

However, MYC4, although showing a very similar binding affinity to the other two MYC proteins, may recognize a slightly different subset of target genes in vivo, at least in its homodimeric conformation.

MYC3 is strongly expressed in the aerial parts of young seedlings, as well as in the hypocotyls, cotyledons, and leaves.

In young seedlings, MYC3 expression is present in all tissues of the hypocotyls, cotyledons, and leaves.

MYC3 is also expressed in developed roots, but its expression is not limited to specific tissues.

In young roots, MYC3 expression is very weak.

MYC3 expression is observed in most organs of the plant, including stems, siliques, flowers, and young leaves, in adult plants.

MYC3 expression patterns are consistent with available microarray data, which can be found on genevestigator.com.

The myc3 mutant characterization revealed some interesting results. Mutations in myc3 affected JA-dependent gene expression.

Root growth inhibition was also impacted by myc3 mutations, but to a different degree than other tested responses. This suggests a complex role for MYC3 in hormone regulation.

Defense responses to insects and bacterial pathogens were affected by myc3 mutations, showing that MYC3 plays a role in plant defense.

Protein Extracts and Pull-Downs are crucial steps in studying MYC proteins.

To extract proteins from Arabidopsis seedlings, researchers grind them in liquid nitrogen and homogenize them in a specific buffer containing various chemicals like Tris-HCl and Tween 20.

This buffer helps to stabilize the proteins and prevent degradation.

The resulting supernatant is collected after centrifugation and used for further analysis.

For in vivo pull-down experiments, 6 μg of resin-bound MBP fusion protein is added to 1 mg of total protein extract and incubated for 1 hour at 4°C with rotation.

This process allows researchers to isolate specific proteins and study their interactions.

To confirm equal protein loading, a 3-μL aliquot of MBP-fused protein is run into SDS-PAGE gels and stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue.

This technique provides a clear visual representation of the protein bands.

In this study, researchers obtained knockout lines myc3 and myc4 from the Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre.

The lines myc2/jin1-2 and coi1 were also obtained from reputable sources. The 35S:MYC2-GFP was previously studied by Chini et al. in 2009.

Mutants with combinations of myc2, myc3, and myc4 genes were generated by crossing the corresponding parental single or double homozygous lines.

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The knockout lines myc3 (GK445B11) and myc4 (GK 491E10) were obtained from the Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre.

Double myc2 myc3, myc2 myc4, and myc3 myc4, and triple myc2 myc3 myc4 mutants were generated by crossing corresponding parental single or double homozygous lines.

F2 segregating progenies of these crosses were genotyped for plants homozygous for each gene.

The MYC4 Foundation decided to cease its activity and liquidate as solvent on December 7, 2016.

Investors were informed that they could withdraw their balance or donate it for distribution according to the bylaws of the MYC4 Foundation.

The bylaws stated that in case of liquidation, the foundation's funds should be used for activities supporting the aims and objectives of the UNITED NATIONS concerning poverty eradication.

The MYC4 platform was closed on June 1st, 2019, and will not be reopened.

This decision was made after the former board of directors concluded that maintaining the MYC4 Foundation was no longer feasible due to the end of debt collections.

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Myc3 and myc4 single mutants have minor effects on JA induction of JAZ10, VSP2, and PDF1.2.

The analysis of double and triple mutants revealed a striking additive effect on JA inducibility of JAZ10 and VSP2, rendering the triple mutants almost as impaired in JA-dependent expression of these genes as coi1-1, a JA receptor loss-of-function mutant.

JA induction of PDF1.2 does not seem affected in the triple mutant myc2 myc3 myc4.

Quantitative RT-PCR of JAZ10, VSP2, and PDF1.2 expression in mutant and wild-type plants showed that the level of each gene is relative to that of ACTIN8.

The measurements represent the expression level between mock and treated plants, with error bars indicating statistically significant differences compared with Col-0.

The single mutant myc3 showed an enhancement of VSP2 and PDF1.2 induction by JA.

The analysis of triple mutants discards the possibility that MYC2 and MYC3 behave as repressors of PDF1.2 and VSP2, respectively.

Gene expression analysis using quantitative RT-PCR showed a very low variation of MYC expression in each mutant background.

JA, a plant growth regulator, has been shown to inhibit root growth in various studies. This effect is particularly notable in plants grown in soilless culture.

JA inhibits root growth by reducing cell elongation and cell division in the root meristem. This reduction in root growth can have significant impacts on plant development and productivity.

JA is most effective at inhibiting root growth at concentrations between 10 and 50 micromolar.

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